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<title>Decimalisation</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Decimalisation</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about decimalisation of currency and measurement. For the system of library classification, see <a href="Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal Classification</a>. For the development of the number system, see <a href="Decimal" title="Decimal">Decimal</a>.</div>

<p><b>Decimalisation</b> or <b>decimalization</b> (see <a href="American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">spelling differences</a>) is the conversion of a system of currency or of weights and measures to units related by <a href="Power_of_10" title="Power of 10">powers of 10</a>.

</p><p>Most countries have decimalised their currencies, converting them from non-decimal sub-units to a <a href="Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> system, with one basic currency unit and sub-units that are valued relative to the basic unit by a power of <a href="10_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="10 (number)">10</a>, most commonly 100 and exceptionally 1,000, and sometimes at the same time, changing the name of the currency and/or the conversion rate to the new currency.

</p><p>Today, only two countries have <i>de jure</i> non-decimal currencies, these being <a href="Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> (where 1 <a href="Mauritanian_ouguiya" title="Mauritanian ouguiya">ouguiya</a> = 5 <a href="Khoums" title="Khoums">khoums</a>) and <a href="Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> (where 1 <a href="Malagasy_ariary" title="Malagasy ariary">ariary</a> = 5 <a href="Iraimbilanja" title="Iraimbilanja">iraimbilanja</a>): <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, these currencies are <i>de facto</i> decimal as the value of both currencies' main unit is now so low that the sub-units are too small to be of any practical use, and coins of these sub-units are no longer used.

</p><p><a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> was the first country to convert to a decimal currency when it decimalised under Tsar <a href="Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> in 1704, resulting in the silver <a href="Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">ruble</a> being equal to 100 copper <a href="Kopek" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopek">kopeks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For weights and measures, this is also called <a href="Metrication" title="Metrication">metrication</a>, replacing traditional units that are related in other ways, such as those formed by successive doubling or halving, or by more arbitrary <a href="Conversion_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion factor">conversion factors</a>. Units of physical measurement, such as length and mass, were decimalised with the introduction of the <a href="Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, which has been adopted by almost all countries (with the prominent exceptions of the <a href="Metrication_in_the_United_States" title="Metrication in the United States">United States</a>, and, to a lesser extent, the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>). Thus, a kilometre is 1,000 metres, while a mile is 1,760 yards. <a href="Electrical_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical units">Electrical units</a> are decimalised worldwide.

</p><p>Common <a href="Units_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of time">units of time</a> remain undecimalised. Although an <a href="French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">attempt to decimalise them</a> was made during the <a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, this proved to be unsuccessful and was quickly abandoned.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Currency_decimalisation_by_region">Currency decimalisation by region</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_circulating_currencies" title="List of circulating currencies">List of circulating currencies</a></div>

<p>Decimal currencies have sub-units based on a power of 10. Most sub-units are one-<a href="100_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="100 (number)">100th</a> of the base currency unit, but currencies based on <a href="1000_(number)" title="1000 (number)">1,000</a> sub-units also exist in several Arab countries.

</p><p>Some countries changed the name of the base unit when they decimalised their currency, including:

</p>

<caption>Examples of currency decimalisation

</caption>

<th scope="col">New unit

</th>

<th scope="col">=

</th>

<th scope="col">×

</th>

<th scope="col">Old unit

</th>

<th scope="col">Year

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="German_gold_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German gold mark">German gold mark</a>

</td>

<td>=

</td>

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</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span>

</td>

<td><a href="Vereinsthaler" title="Vereinsthaler">Vereinsthaler</a>

</td>

<td>1873

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a>

</td>

<td>=

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Danish_rigsdaler" title="Danish rigsdaler">Danish rigsdaler</a>

</td>

<td>1875

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a>

</td>

<td>=

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="South_African_pound" title="South African pound">South African pound</a>

</td>

<td>1961

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a>

</td>

<td>=

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Australian_pound" title="Australian pound">Australian pound</a>

</td>

<td>1966

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a>

</td>

<td>=

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="New_Zealand_pound" title="New Zealand pound">New Zealand pound</a>

</td>

<td>1967

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Fijian_dollar" title="Fijian dollar">Fijian dollar</a>

</td>

<td>=

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Fijian_pound" title="Fijian pound">Fijian pound</a>

</td>

<td>1969

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Nigerian naira</a>

</td>

<td>=

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Nigerian_pound" title="Nigerian pound">Nigerian pound</a>

</td>

<td>1973

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div>

<p>In 1534 the <a href="Kopek" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopek">kopek</a> of <a href="Novgorod_Land" title="Novgorod Land">Novgorod</a> was equated to 1/100 of the <a href="Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">ruble</a> of <a href="Principality_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a>, thus making the Russian ruble Europe's first decimal currency. In the 18th century were introduced the coins <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="Grivennik" class="mw-redirect" title="Grivennik">grivennik</a></i></span> (10 kopeks) and imperial (10 rubles). This was not quite decimal currencies as they are known today, as there were smaller units beneath the kopek itself: the <a href="Denga" title="Denga">denga</a> (half a kopek, or 200 to the ruble) and the <a href="Polushka" title="Polushka">polushka</a> (half a denga, one-quarter kopek, or 400 to the ruble). After the <a href="October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> transitioned to a purely decimal model by eliminating the non-decimal subdivisions of the kopek.

</p><p><a href="France" title="France">France</a> introduced the <a href="Franc" title="Franc">franc</a> in 1795 to replace the <a href="Livre_tournois" title="Livre tournois">livre tournois</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abolished during the <a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. France introduced decimalisation in a number of countries that it invaded during the <a href="Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleonic period</a>.

</p><p>The <a href="Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a> decimalised in 1817, becoming equal to 100 centen (instead of 20 <a href="Stuiver" title="Stuiver">stuivers</a> = 160 <a href="Duit" title="Duit">duiten</a> = 320 penningen), with the last pre-decimal coins withdrawn from circulation in 1848.

</p><p><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> introduced decimal currency in 1855. The <a href="Riksdaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Riksdaler">riksdaler</a> was divided into 100 <a href="%C3%96re" title="Öre">öre</a>. The riksdaler was renamed the <a href="Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">krona</a> in 1873.

</p><p>The <a href="Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> decimalised the <a href="Austro-Hungarian_gulden" title="Austro-Hungarian gulden">gulden</a> in 1857, concurrent with its transition from the <a href="Conventionsthaler" title="Conventionsthaler">Conventionsthaler</a> to the <a href="Vereinsthaler" title="Vereinsthaler">Vereinsthaler</a> standard.

</p><p><a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> introduced its decimal currency unit, the <a href="Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">peseta</a>, in 1868, replacing all previous currencies.

</p><p><a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> decimalised the <a href="Cypriot_pound" title="Cypriot pound">Cypriot pound</a> in 1955, which comprised 1,000 mils, later replaced by 100 cents.

</p><p>The <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (including its overseas territories) and <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> decimalised <a href="Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a> and the <a href="Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a>, respectively, in 1971. (See <a href="%C2%A3sd" title="£sd">£sd</a> and <a href="Decimal_Day" title="Decimal Day">Decimal Day</a>.)

</p><p><a href="Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> decimalised the <a href="Maltese_lira" title="Maltese lira">lira</a> in 1972.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America">North America</h4></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States">United States</h5></div>

<p>Decimalisation was introduced into the <a href="Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> by the <a href="American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, and then enshrined in US law by the <a href="Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canada">Canada</h5></div>

<p>Decimalisation in Canada was complicated by the different jurisdictions before Confederation in 1867. In 1841, the united <a href="Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>'s Governor General, <a href="Charles_Poulett_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Lord Sydenham</a>, argued for establishment of a bank that would issue dollar currency (the <a href="Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollar</a>). <a href="Francis_Hincks" title="Francis Hincks">Francis Hincks</a>, who would become the Province of Canada's Prime Minister in 1851, favoured the plan. Ultimately the provincial assembly rejected the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1851, the Canadian legislature passed a law requiring provincial accounts to be kept decimalised as dollars and cents. The establishment of a <a href="Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">central bank</a> was not touched upon in the 1851 legislation. The British government delayed the implementation of the currency change on a technicality, wishing to distinguish the Canadian currency from the United States' currency by referencing the units as "Royals" rather than "Dollars".<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_Mint_2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Mint_2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British delay was overcome by the Currency Act of 1 August 1854. In 1858, coins denominated in cents and imprinted with "Canada" were issued for the first time.

</p><p>Decimalisation occurred in:<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_Mint_2003_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Mint_2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>

</th>

<th>Date

</th>

<th>Notes

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>

</td>

<td>1 August 1854

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Nova Scotia

</td>

<td>1 July 1860

</td>

<td>Ordered its first coinage in 1860, but the coins were not shipped by the Royal Mint until 1862

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>New Brunswick

</td>

<td>1 November 1860

</td>

<td>Like Nova Scotia, the coins were received in 1862

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Newfoundland

</td>

<td>1866

</td>

<td>Took effect in early 1865 and had different coinage from 1865 to 1947

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Vancouver Island

</td>

<td>1863

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>British Columbia

</td>

<td>1865

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Manitoba

</td>

<td>1870

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Prince Edward Island

</td>

<td>1871

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The colonial elite, the main advocates of decimalisation, based their case on two main arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first was for facilitation of trade and economic ties with the United States, the colonies' largest trading partner; the second was to simplify calculations and reduce accounting errors.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mexico">Mexico</h5></div>

<p>The <a href="Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican peso</a> was formally decimalised in the 1860s with the introduction of coins denominated in centavos; however, the currency did not fully decimalise in practice immediately and pre-decimal reales were issued until 1897.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bermuda">Bermuda</h5></div>

<p>Bermuda decimalised in 1970, by introducing the <a href="Bermudian_dollar" title="Bermudian dollar">Bermudian dollar</a> equal to 8 shillings 4 pence (100 pence, effectively equal to the US dollar under the <a href="Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h4></div>

<ul><li>The <a href="Cuban_peso" title="Cuban peso">Cuban peso</a> decimalised in 1869 (became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).</li>

<li>The <a href="Dominican_peso" title="Dominican peso">Dominican peso</a> decimalised in 1877 (became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).</li>

<li>The <a href="Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Haitian gourde</a> decimalised in 1881 by peg to French franc (became equal to 100 centimes/santim).</li>

<li>The <a href="Netherlands_Antillean_guilder" title="Netherlands Antillean guilder">Netherlands Antillean guilder</a> decimalised in 1892 by peg to Dutch guilder (became equal to 100 centen).</li>

<li>The <a href="British_West_Indies_dollar" title="British West Indies dollar">British West Indies dollar</a> decimalised in 1955.</li>

<li>The <a href="Jamaican_dollar" title="Jamaican dollar">Jamaican dollar</a> decimalised in 1969.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_America">Central America</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="Costa_Rican_peso" title="Costa Rican peso">Costa Rican peso</a> decimalised in 1864, divided into 100 centavos, instead of 8 reales.</li>

<li><a href="Honduran_peso" title="Honduran peso">Honduran peso</a> decimalised in 1871, divided into 100 centavos, instead of 8 reales.</li>

<li><a href="Belize_dollar" title="Belize dollar">British Honduran (Belize) dollar</a> decimalised in 1885, divided into 100 cents.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_America">South America</h4></div>

<ul><li>The <a href="Venezuelan_peso" title="Venezuelan peso">Venezuelan peso</a> decimalised in 1843.</li>

<li>The <a href="Colombian_peso" title="Colombian peso">Colombian peso</a> decimalised in 1847 (became equal to 10 décimos instead of 8 reales, later became equal to 100 centavos).</li>

<li>The <a href="Chilean_peso_(1817%E2%80%931960)" title="Chilean peso (1817–1960)">Chilean peso</a> decimalised in 1851 (became equal to 10 décimos or 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).</li>

<li>The <a href="Currency_of_Uruguay#1863–1875_Peso_and_Doblón,_1817–1960" title="Currency of Uruguay">Uruguayan peso</a> decimalised in 1863.</li>

<li>The <a href="Peruvian_sol_(1863%E2%80%931985)" title="Peruvian sol (1863–1985)">Peruvian sol</a> decimalised in 1863 (equal to 10 dineros or 100 centavos).</li>

<li>The <a href="Paraguayan_peso" title="Paraguayan peso">Paraguayan peso</a> decimalised in 1870 (became equal to 100 centésimos, later centavos, instead of 8 reales).</li>

<li>The <a href="Ecuadorian_peso" title="Ecuadorian peso">Ecuadorian peso</a> decimalised in 1871.</li>

<li>The <a href="Argentine_peso_moneda_nacional" title="Argentine peso moneda nacional">Argentine peso</a> decimalised in 1881.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div>

<ul><li>The <a href="Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Ethiopian birr</a> decimalised in 1931 (became equal to 100 metonnyas instead of 16 ghersh).</li>

<li>The <a href="Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Ghanaian cedi</a> decimalised in 1965. The new base unit was worth eight shillings and four pence, making one penny equal to one pesewa (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> cedi).</li>

<li>The <a href="Zambian_kwacha" title="Zambian kwacha">Zambian kwacha</a> decimalised in 1968.</li>

<li>The <a href="Rhodesian_dollar" title="Rhodesian dollar">Rhodesian dollar</a> decimalised in 1970.</li>

<li>The <a href="Gambian_dalasi" title="Gambian dalasi">Gambian dalasi</a> decimalised in 1971. Unusually, the new base unit was worth four shillings (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span> of a pound).</li>

<li>The <a href="Malawian_kwacha" title="Malawian kwacha">Malawian kwacha</a> decimalised in 1971.</li>

<li>The <a href="Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Nigerian naira</a> decimalised in 1973.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4></div>

<p>The <a href="South_African_rand" title="South African rand">rand</a> was introduced on 14 February 1961. A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings and pence, submitting its recommendation on 8 August 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It replaced the <a href="South_African_pound" title="South African pound">South African pound</a> as legal tender, at the rate of 2 rand = 1 pound or 10 <a href="Shilling" title="Shilling">shillings</a> to the rand. Australia, New Zealand and <a href="Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> also chose ten shillings as the base unit of their new currency.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h4></div>

<p><a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> decimalised on 14 February 1966, with the <a href="Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollars</a> replacing the <a href="Australian_pound" title="Australian pound">Australian pound</a>. A television campaign containing a memorable <a href="Jingle" title="Jingle">jingle</a>, sung to the tune of "<a href="Click_Go_the_Shears" title="Click Go the Shears">Click Go the Shears</a>", was used to help the public to understand the changes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> decimalised on 10 July 1967, with the <a href="New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollars</a> replacing the <a href="New_Zealand_pound" title="New Zealand pound">New Zealand pound</a>.

</p><p>In both countries, the conversion rate was one pound to two dollars and 10 shillings to one dollar.

</p>

<caption>Conversion between £sd and $c, Australia and New Zealand

</caption>

<th>£sd

</th>

<th>$c

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>£50

</td>

<td>$100

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>£10

</td>

<td>$20

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>£5

</td>

<td>$10

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>£1

</td>

<td>$2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10/–

</td>

<td>$1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>5/–

</td>

<td>50c

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2/–

</td>

<td>20c

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1/–

</td>

<td>10c

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>6d

</td>

<td>5c

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3d

</td>

<td>2.5c

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.2d

</td>

<td>1c

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1d

</td>

<td><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">6</span></span>c

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>To ease the transition, the new 5-cent, 10-cent and 20-cents coins were the same size and weight, and the new $1, $2, $10 and $20 banknotes (and the new $100 banknote in New Zealand) were the same colour, as their pre-decimal equivalents. Because of the inexact conversion between cents and pence, people were advised to tender halfpenny, penny and threepence coins in multiples of sixpence (the <a href="Least_common_multiple" title="Least common multiple">lowest common multiple</a> of both systems) during the transition.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rest_of_Oceania">Rest of Oceania</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="Tongan_pa'anga" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongan pa'anga">Tongan pa'anga</a> decimalised on 3 April 1967</li>

<li><a href="Samoan_tala" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan tala">Samoan tala</a> decimalised on 10 July 1967</li>

<li><a href="Fijian_dollar" title="Fijian dollar">Fijian dollar</a> decimalised on 15 January 1969</li></ul>

<p>King <a href="Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> decimalised the <a href="Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Thai currency</a> in 1897. The tical (baht) is now divided into one hundred satang.

</p>

</caption>

<th>Baht

</th>

<th>Feuang

</th>

<th>Att

</th>

<th>Bia

</th>

<th rowspan="5">> Decimalization >

</th>

<th>Baht

</th>

<th>Satang

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>8

</td>

<td>64

</td>

<td>6,400

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="4">100

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1/8

</td>

</td>

<td>8

</td>

<td>800

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1/64

</td>

<td>1/8

</td>

</td>

<td>100

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1/6,400

</td>

<td>1/64

</td>

<td>1/100

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> decimalised its currency in 1932, with the <a href="Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">rial</a>, subdivided into 100 new dinars, replacing the <a href="Iranian_qiran" title="Iranian qiran">qiran</a> at par.

</p><p><a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> decimalised the <a href="Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">riyal</a> in 1963, with 1 riyal = 100 halalas. Between 1960 and 1963, the riyal was worth 20 <a href="Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">qirsh</a>, and before that, it was worth 22 qirsh.

</p><p>The <a href="Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a> introduced the coinage system of 1 <a href="North_Yemeni_rial" title="North Yemeni rial">North Yemeni rial</a> = 100 <a href="Fils_(currency)" title="Fils (currency)">fils</a> in 1974, to replace the 1 rial = 40 buqsha = 80 halala = 160 zalat system. The country was one of the last to convert its coinage.

</p><p><a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> historically had two decimal subdivisions of the yen: the sen (1/100) and the rin (1/1,000). However, they were taken out of circulation as of December 31, 1953, and all transactions are now conducted in multiples of 1 yen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rupee-anna-pice-pie_to_Rupee-paisa_conversion">Rupee-anna-pice-pie to Rupee-paisa conversion</h4></div>

<p><a href="India" title="India">India</a> changed from the <a href="Rupee" title="Rupee">rupee</a>, <a href="Anna_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna (coin)">anna</a>, <a href="Pie_(Indian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pie (Indian coin)">pie</a> system to decimal currency on 1 April 1957. <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> decimalised <a href="Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">its currency</a> in 1961.

</p><p>In India, Pakistan, and other places under British colonization where a system of 1 rupee = 16 <a href="Indian_anna" title="Indian anna">anna</a> = 64 pice (old paisa) = 192 pie was used, the decimalisation process defines 1 rupee = 100 naya (new) paisa. The following table shows the conversion of common denominations of coins issued in modern India and Pakistan.

</p>

<ul><li><b>Bold</b> denotes the actual denomination written on the coins</li></ul>

<th>Rupee</th>

<th>Pie

</th>

<th>Paisa/Naya paisa

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span class="frac"><span class="num">25</span>⁄<span class="den">48</span></span> ≈ 0.5208

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span class="frac"><span class="num">25</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> = 0.78125

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3

</td>

<td><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">9</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> = 1.5625

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>6

</td>

<td><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> = 3.125

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>12

</td>

<td><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> = 6.25

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><b>2 annas</b></td>

<td>24

</td>

<td><span class="frac">12<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> = 12.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><b><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> rupee</b></td>

<td><b>4 annas</b></td>

<td>48

</td>

<td>25

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><b><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> rupee</b></td>

<td><b>8 annas</b></td>

<td>96

</td>

<td>50

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><b>1 rupee</b></td>

<td>192

</td>

<td>100

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><a href="Union_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Burma">Burma</a> (now <a href="Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>) decimalised in 1952 (predating the Indian case) by changing from the <a href="Burmese_rupee" title="Burmese rupee">rupee</a> (worth 16 pe, each of 4 pyas) to the <a href="Myanmar_kyat" title="Myanmar kyat">kyat</a> (worth 100 pyas).

</p><p><a href="British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (now <a href="Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) decimalised in 1869, dividing the <a href="Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">rupee</a> into one hundred cents.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritania_and_Madagascar">Mauritania and Madagascar</h3></div>

<p><a href="Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and <a href="Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> theoretically retain currencies with units whose values are in the ratio five to one: the <a href="Mauritanian_ouguiya" title="Mauritanian ouguiya">Mauritanian ouguiya</a> (MRU) is equivalent to five <a href="Khoums" title="Khoums">khoums</a>, and the <a href="Malagasy_ariary" title="Malagasy ariary">Malagasy ariary</a> (MGA) to five <a href="Iraimbilanja" title="Iraimbilanja">iraimbilanja</a>.

</p><p>In practice, however, the value of each of these two larger units is very small: as of 2021, the MRU is traded against the <a href="Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> at about 44:1, and the MGA at about 4,600:1. In each of these countries, the smaller denomination is no longer used, although in Mauritania there is still a "one-fifth ouguiya" coin.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-currency_cases">Non-currency cases</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Securities">Securities</h3></div>

<p>In the special context of quoting the prices of stocks, traded almost always in blocks of 100 or more <a href="Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> and usually in blocks of many thousands, stock exchanges in the United States used eighths or sixteenths of dollars, until converting to decimals between September 2000 and April 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Similarly, in the United Kingdom, the prices of government securities continued to be quoted in multiples of <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> of a pound (<span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> d or <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> p) long after the currency was decimalised.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metrication">Metrication</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Metrication" title="Metrication">Metrication</a></div>

<p>The idea of measurement and currency systems where units are related by factors of ten was suggested by <a href="Simon_Stevin" title="Simon Stevin">Simon Stevin</a> who in 1585 first advocated the use of decimal numbers for everyday purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a> was developed in France in the 1790s as part of the reforms introduced during the <a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Its adoption was gradual, both within France and in other countries, but its use is nearly universal today. One aspect of measurement decimalisation was the introduction of <a href="Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">metric prefixes</a> to derive bigger and smaller sizes from base unit names. Examples include <i>kilo</i> for 1,000, <i>hecto</i> for 100, <i>centi</i> for 1/100 and <i>milli</i> for 1/1,000. The list of metric prefixes has expanded in modern times to encompass a wider range of measurements.

</p><p>While the common <a href="Units_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of time">units of time</a>, minute, hour, day, month and year, are not decimalised, there have been proposals for <a href="Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">decimalisation of the time of day</a> and <a href="Decimal_calendar" title="Decimal calendar">decimal calendar</a> systems. Astronomers use a decimalised <a href="Julian_day_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian day number">Julian day number</a> to record and predict events. Decades, centuries, and <a href="Millennia" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennia">millennia</a> are examples of common units of time that are decimalised.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Millisecond" title="Millisecond">millisecond</a> is a decimalised unit of time equivalent to a thousandth of a second, and is sometimes used in computing contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Gradian" title="Gradian">gradian</a> or grade is an <a href="Angular_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular unit">angular unit</a> defined as one hundredth of the <a href="Right_angle" title="Right angle">right angle</a> (approximately 0.0157 <a href="Radian" title="Radian">rad</a>), further divided into one hundred centigrades.

</p><p>In computer science, there are several metric prefixes used with <a href="Units_of_information" title="Units of information">units of information</a>. For example, a <a href="Kilobit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobit">kilobit</a> is equivalent to 1,000 <a href="Bit" title="Bit">bits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbreviations_for_large_amounts_of_money">Abbreviations for large amounts of money</h3></div>

<p>Decimal abbreviations are sometimes used for large amounts of money. For example, the letter K (standing for <a href="Kilo-" title="Kilo-">kilo-</a>) can be used to indicate that a sum of money ought to be multiplied by 1,000 i.e. $250k means $250,000. The letters M or MM can be used to indicate that a sum of money should be multiplied by a million i.e. $3.5M means $3,500,000. The letter B similarly stands for a billion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="British_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="British coinage">British coinage</a></li>

<li><a href="Decimal_Day" title="Decimal Day">Decimal Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Metrication" title="Metrication">Metrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-decimal_currencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-decimal currencies">Non-decimal currencies</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://numismatics.org/pocketchange/peter/">"The Reign of Peter the Great as Represented in the ANS Collection"</a>. <i>Pocket Change</i>. <a href="American_Numismatic_Society" title="American Numismatic Society">American Numismatic Society</a>. 12 November 2020.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 15th ed. Volume 25. 1994.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCulloch, A. B. "Currency Conversion in British North America, 1760–1900". <i>Archivaria</i> 16, (Summer 1983): 83–94.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mushin, Jerry. "Twentieth Century Currency Reforms: A Comment". <i>Kyklos</i> 50 (1997): 247–249.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. T. Easterbrook and Hugh G. J. Aitken, <i>Canadian Economic History</i> (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), 381.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mboweni, T.T. 2001. The Reserve Bank and the Rand: some historic reflections. Speech by the Governor of the Reserve Bank 29 Nov 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.reservebank.co.za">http://www.reservebank.co.za</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html">"Definitions of the SI units: The binary prefixes"</a>. <i>physics.nist.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reference.com/business-finance/k-mean-money-498ebfaace06af">"What Does K Mean in Money?"</a>. <i>Reference.com</i>. 2015-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capitalizemytitle.com/how-to-abbreviate-billion/">"Billion Abbreviation: How to Abbreviate Billion"</a>. <i>Capitalize My Title</i>. 2021-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Decimal Coinage"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Decimal_Coinage">"Decimal Coinage" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. VII (9th ed.). 1878. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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